Antoniades doctor of philosophy graduate department of electrical and computer engineering university of toronto 2009 several microwave devices and antennas that are based on negative refractive index. Light formerly diverging from a point source is set in reverse and converges back to a point. Thus, under the right conditions, negative refraction can be observed in photonic crystals. Grigorenko department of physics and astronomy, university of manchester, manchester, m 9pl, uk we discuss optical constants in artificial metamaterials showing negative magnetic permeability and. Negative refractive index in chiral metamaterials shuang zhang,1 yongshik park,1 jensen li,1 xinchao lu,2 weili zhang,2 and xiang zhang1,3, 1nanoscale science and engineering center, university of california, 5 etcheverry hall, berkeley, california 947201740, usa 2school of electrical and computer engineering, oklahoma state university, stillwater, oklahoma 74078, usa. The first nim was achieved using splitring resonators srrs, which have both negative. Kremer 1abstractrecent demonstrations of negative refraction utilize threedimensional collections of. These artificial metamaterials are fascinating because they allow the design of substances with optical properties that simply do not occur in nature 1142. Perfectly matched layer behavior in negative refractive.
A similar effect can be accomplished with metal strips in which the refractive index can reach. Physics and applications of negative refractive index. Concentration in most solutions, the concentration of solute in a solvent can be determined by measuring the refractive index n d. The index of refraction of the first and second media is denoted by n 1 and n 2 respectively, and. A lthough discovered only 6 years ago, negative refractive index materials nims have been the target of intense study, drawing researchers from physics, engineering, materials science, optics, and chemistry. At the high strain rate of 2,000 per second the 3m4f polymer proved to be the strongest and stiffest material. Negative refractive index metamaterials sciencedirect. But this definition is not gonna answer your question. Negative refraction was determined by a snells law. Composites with negative refractive index 142 where the strength and ultimate strain increased with the strain rate. Limitations on subdiffraction imaging with a negative.
Refractive index is a useful constant as it is directly related. Surveying this explosive growth, physics and applications of negative refractive index materials covers the. Refractive index is a fundamental constant that describes the interaction between light and material. Negativeindex metamaterial or negative index material nim is a metamaterial whose refractive index for an electromagnetic wave has a negative value over some frequency range nims are constructed of periodic basic parts called unit cells, which are usually significantly smaller than the wavelength of the externally applied electromagnetic radiation. Negative refractive index metasurfaces for enhanced biosensing. The idea of a negative refractive index opens up new conceptual frontiers in photonics.
First, the physics of the phenomenon of negative refraction. Such behavior results from the plasmon resonance in the pairs of nanorods for both the electric and the magnetic components. Properties of the probing beam quantities such as thickness and index of refraction are calculated quantities, based on a model. Design and simulations of negative refractive index metamaterial nir srr and csrr structures. A broadband tunable terahertz negative refractive index. The refractive index retrieval procedure and the critical role of light phases in determining the refractive index is discussed. Negative refractive index in artificial metamaterials arxiv. Consideration of materials for which both these quantities are simultaneously negative and realvalued, commenced with veselagos paper of 1968 1. Physics of negative refractive index materials 453 1. Negative refractive index metasurfaces for enhanced biosensing zoran jaksic 1, slobodan vukovic 2, jovan matovic 3 and dragan tanaskovic 1 1 center of microelectronic technologies and single crystals cmtm, institute of chemistry, technology and metallurgy ihtm. Negative refractive index metamaterials ucsd university of. Lhm or negative index materials, possess unique electromagnetic properties and promise novel optical devices, including a perfect lens. One muchdebated example is the concept of a perfect lens that. Since a metamaterial is a material which is having negative permittivity and permeability, it can be regarded as an artificial medium with negative index of refraction.
Experiments show that light passing through such a material experiences no phase shift. It also changes with air pressure, therefore in the following we distinguish between the refractive index. Springer series in materials science 98 physics of. The relation between the refractive index and the concentration depends on the. A new class of materials has created some extraordinary possibilities such as a negative refractive index, and lenses whose resolution is limited only by the precision with which we can. Metamaterials with negative permeability and negative refractive index. Soukoulis1,3 1ames laboratory and department of physics and astronomy, iowa state university, ames, iowa 50011, usa 2institute of optical fiber commun.
Negative refractive index at optical wavelengths science. The calculated index of refraction for this particular example, 165 degrees, d10 cm was n1. Tie19 temperature coefficient of the refractive index. Index terms left handed materials, metamaterials, nanoparticle plasmon resonance, negative refractive index. Werner,2 and dohoon kwon2 1birck nanotechnology center, purdue university, west lafayette, indiana 47907, usa 2department of electrical engineering, pennsylvania state university, university park, pennsylvania 16802, usa. My question is, if permittivity and permeabilitity of a material is negative then the end product, according to the above equation, should be positive. Krowne yong zhang editors springer series in materials science 98 physics of negative refraction and negative index materials optical and electronic aspects. Negative refractive index due to chirality jiangfeng zhou,1 jianfeng dong,2,1 bingnan wang,1 thomas koschny,1,3 maria kafesaki,3 and costas m. It is defined as, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the medium. One can clearly see the negative lateral displacement associated with negative refraction.
Optical and electronic aspects and diversified approaches. This chapter evaluates the simulation studies performed on resonatorbased structures to figure out the characteristics of metamaterial arrangement while. Negative refractive index metasurfaces for enhanced. As your familiar with the definition of refractive index, it is the ratio of velocity of light in vacuum that velocity of light in the given medium. One can also notice that received power for the oblique incident angle was lower that power received in the case of normal incidence. In the past few years, new developments in structured electromagnetic materials have given rise to negative refractive index materials which have both negative dielectric permittivity and negative magnetic permeability in some frequency ranges. Pdf negative refractive index and acoustic superlens. The regime of negative index, made relevant by a recent demonstration of an effective lhm, leads to unusual electromagnetic wave propagation. In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how fast light travels through the material. It also includes appendices for safety warnings and specifications. Negative refractive index metasurfaces for enhanced biosensing zoran jaksic 1, slobodan vukovic 2, jovan matovic 3 and dragan tanaskovic 1 1 center of microelectronic technologies and single crystals cmtm, institute of chemistry, technology and metallurgy ihtm, university of belgrade, njegoseva 12, 1 belgrade. Released from the medium the light reaches a focus for a second time. Negative refractive index in lefthanded materials mit.
Negative refractive index in artificial metamaterials. Cummer, senior member, ieee abstractthe perfectly matched layer pml absorbing boundary condition is shown to be analytically unstable for a. Pdf physics of negative refractive index materials semantic scholar. In addition to a negative index ni of refraction, properties such as artificial magnetism2, negative permittivity, and negative permeability have been observed in. In 2000, it was shown theoretically that several photonic crystal configurations could exhibit the same types of optical phenomena predicted for negative index materials, including negative refraction and imaging by a planar surface. Metamaterials and negative refractive index science.
Microwave devices and antennas based on negativerefractiveindex transmissionline metamaterials marc a. The presented chiral design offers a much simpler geometry and more efficient. Furthermore, the 3m4f polymer showed the greatest increase in strength at. Negative refractive index in optics of metaldielectric. Ever since the first experimental demonstration was reported in 2000, the interest in metamaterials and lefthanded media that exhibit a negative refractive index has increased exponentially.
Multiband microwave antennas and devices based on generalized negativerefractiveindex transmission lines colan graeme matthew ryan doctor of philosophy graduate department of electrical and computer engineering university of toronto 2016 focused on the quadband generalized negativerefractiveindex transmission line g. Resonant negative refractive index metamaterials 173. If two negative numbers multiplied should give a positive number. Tie19 temperature coefficient of the refractive index introduction the refractive index of optical glasses changes with temperature, the extend of which depending on the glass type and on the wavelength. Negative refractive index and focussing a negative refractive index medium bends light to a negative angle relative to the surface normal. Periodically loaded transmission line with effective. In the past few years, new developments in structured electromagnetic materials have given rise to negative refractive index materials which have both negative. Soukoulis, year2009 we demonstrate experimentally and numerically that metamaterials based on bilayer cross wires. Realization of broadband negative refraction in visible. Ellipsometry more perspective ellipsometers measure.
Negative refractive index in lefthanded materials david r. Composites with negative refractive index, thermal, self. Introduction materials with either negative real relative permittivity or negative real relative permeability at a certain frequency are not uncommon. Intended use of the waters 2414 refractive index detector the 2414 refractive index ri detector is designed for highperformance liquid chromatography hplc applications. Negative refractive index and acoustic superlens from multiple scattering in single negative metamaterials article pdf available in nature 5257567. Pdf negative refractive index materials researchgate. It is often stated that negative refractive index behavior can only be achieved in artificially manufactured metamaterials whose electromagnetic response is.
A strategy to greatly broaden negative refractive index nri band, reduce loss and ease bianisotropy of nri metamaterials mms has been proposed at. This extension was developped by schelkunoff and the analogy between. Negative refractive index in artificial metamaterials a. Pdf physics of negative refractive index materials. Planar negative refractive index media using periodically. The refractive index retrieval procedure and the critical role of light phases in determining the refractive index is. It specifies, for example, how fast light travels in a material or how much light is reflected at an interface. Springer series in materials science 98 physics of negative refraction and negative index materials optical and electronic aspects and diversifi ed approaches cliff ord m. Design and simulations of negative refractive index.
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